1.4 Stage level and symptoms of the disease

Leptospirosis is divided into two categories. First category is know as mild leptospirosis that is the most common type of leptospirosis, accounting for 90% of cases. Muscle soreness, chills, and even a headache are some of this category symptoms. Second is extensive leptospirosis which can develop in between 5% and 15% of cases. If the bacterium affects the liver, kidneys, or other vital structures, it can cause organ damage, internal haemorrhaging, and fatality.

Leptospirosis usually takes 5-14 days to develop, although it can span anything else from 2 to 30 days. In contrast, patient, does not display clinical symptoms in less than 24 hours except if the volume of germs penetrating the body is bigger than normal. In most cases, the infection is systemic and affects the entire body. Anicteric leptospirosis and icteric leptospirosis are the two forms of infection that present with diverse clinical manifestations (Madhu & Aparna, 2008). 

Anicteric leptospirosis is a type of leptospirosis that does not induce jaundice in 90% of cases (Lim et al., n.d.). Anicteric leptospirosis patients go through phases 1 and 2 of the illness. The sickness is invariably associated with aseptic meningitis in the anicteric subtype of leptospirosis (Madhu & Aparna, 2008). It a little less severe form of leptospirosis is rarely lethal, but it can trigger pulmonary bleeding and mortality even if there is no jaundice. Flu-like characteristics such as severe headaches, rapid fevers of 39°C or higher, eyes inflammatory, muscle aches, diarrhoea, lethargy, nausea and vomiting, chills, rigours, and maculopapular rashes are present in phase 1, also known as acute or septicemic phase.

Anti-leptospira antibodies proliferate during phase 2 (the immunological phase), allowing leptospirosis pathogens to be discovered in the patient's urine output. Infected individuals become ill again during this phase, which can last up to 30 days or longer (Leptospirosis Information, 2021). Some people, however, do not progress to the second stage of the illness. The remaining 10% of patients progress to icteric leptospirosis, often known as Weil's syndrome (Lim et al., n.d.). The second phase of anicteric leptospirosis is far more severe than the first. The bulk of the clinical manifestations are identical to anicteric leptospirosis, however the sickness can progress to be lethal. Within 10 days, organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain, heart, and central nervous system are affected.

Leptospirosis in its clinical phase was observed in figure above. At section A, a 37-year-old man who raised pet rats developed subconjunctival haemorrhages and icterus, as well as fever, myalgia, and severe headache. He had impaired liver and kidney functionality when he was hospitalized. One week after manifestation, serological tests for leptospiral antibodies shifted from negative to positive. He was given injectable penicillin and made a full recovery (Haake & Levett, 2014). Whereas at setion B, its reported that A 50-year-old guy experienced a devastating lung haemorrhage after returning from a trip in Malaysia, where he had wandered through mangrove woods. On the second day of admission, the patient's respiratory condition deteriorated, necessitating mechanical respiration and a blood transfusion. He was given doxycycline first, then amoxicillin, and he recovered slowly yet entirely. Four months following injection