Leptospirosis is transmitted by pathogenic or saprophytic Leptospires (World Health Organization, 2003). Pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires can both be found in the renal tubules of animals that are hosts, while saprophytic leptospires are more common in damp or tropical climates. Saprophytic leptospires species contaminate water ways without necessitating a host, thrive only on organic matter, and do not infect humans (The Leptospirosis Information Center, 2010). Pathogenic Leptospires, on the other hand, require a host to reproduce (Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Center for Food Security and Public Health. Leptospirosis, 2005). Pathogens can be transmitted into the ecology through the urine of animals carrying pathogenic Leptospirosis. The rodent hosts that contain this pathogenic leptospire suffer no harm. They are often described to as "natural hosts."
In a polluted environment, leptospirosis can be spread directly or indirectly from one host to another. When an animal's excrement is expelled, it pollutes the soil and water. After consuming contaminated water, humans are impacted. The dangerous Leptospires bacterium can potentially be passed on to people through contaminated food. By coming into direct touch with Leptospires through wound infections, food, and drink, the individual can be infected. When exposed to dirty water for an extended period of time, it can enter the human body through the nasal, oral, and ocular mucosa. After penetrating the In the 2000 Eco-Challenge multisport race in Malaysian Borneo, a large number of competitors experienced leptospirosis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention interviewed 189 people, and 80 (42%) of them fulfilled the leptospirosis clinical diagnosis. Exposure to the rain-swollen Segama river for long periods of time was one of the risk factors (photograph (a) credit Reed Hoffmann). Whereas in B section, its portrayed there was a small community in an area is a typical leptospirosis epidemiologic environment. Citizens of tropical regions with significant rainfall are more likely to contract leptospirosis, especially if residual water is contaminated with excrement from wild or domesticated animals, which can operate as intermediate hosts for pathogenic Leptospira species.
Leptospirosis can also disseminate through the airways. When Leptospires in urine dissipate into air droplets and are inhaled by individuals, they can lead to disease. Even though human-to-human disease transmission is unusual, it should be recognised that consensual sex and nursing could allow pathogenic Leptospires to passed from one generation to another (Lim, 2010). In addition, an infected woman's unborn child may be exposed to hazardous Leptospires. Individuals can expel leptospires in their urine for up to eleven months. Rodents and wild animals such as cattle, pigs, rats, buffaloes, and dogs, which develop leptospires in their urinary for months or years, are a reservoir of pathogenic Leptospires. The predominant carriers of pathogenic Leptospires would be all these animals.
Leptospira may persist in the environment for long periods of time because of the significant dampness and moderate temperatures. In particular, strong rains and numerous floods, especially during the monsoon season, intensify the leptospirosis outbreak. Leptospirosis, on the other hand, has a seasonal distribution, with the bulk of reported cases during the rainy season and following floods (Benacer, 2016). The majority of cases are caused by occupational exposures and recreational activities. Veterinarians, zookeepers, pet store owners, butchers, and other professionals who work with wild animals on a daily basis are more vulnerable. Military personnel, farmers, fishers, and plumbers, for instance, engage in situations that include water, mud, and sludge, and are thus particularly vulnerable human body, leptospires invade the circulatory system and attack bodily tissues and organs.
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